Recall Effectiveness Research: Consumer Motivation and BehaviorRECALL EFFECTIVENESS RESEARCH: A REVIEW AND SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE ON CONSUMER MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR Prepared for the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission CPSC Order No. CPSC-F-02-1391 Contract No. GS23F9780H Prepared by: July 2003 XL ASSOCIATES EXCELLENCE IN PROFESSIONAL SERVICES ii Table of Contents I. Introduction and Project Objectives ……………………………………………………………………. 1 II. Overview of the Project Work Plan …………………………………………………………………….. 2 III. Organizing Framework ………………………………………………………………………………………. 3 IV. Quantitative Studies of Recall Effectiveness…………………………………………………………. 3 V. Steps in the Recall Compliance Process……………………………………………………………….. 6

VI. Initial Receipt and Recognition of a Safety-Related Message……………………………….. 8 A. Recall Notification Techniques…………………………………………………………………………….8 B. The Initial Decision to Pay Attention …………………………………………………………………. 10 C. Message Filtering…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12 VII. Message Reading and Comprehension ………………………………………………………………. 13 A. Use of Pictures, Pictographs, and Symbols…………………………………………………………. 13 B. Text Content, Clarity, Wording, and Form of Address …………………………………………. 14 C. Extent of Processing Required ………………………………………………………………………….. 14 D. Impact of User Characteristics…………………………………………………………………………. 14 VIII. Storage and Recollection of Instructions for Compliance……………………………………. 15 A. Memory Limitations and Recall Decay Rates ……………………………………………………… 15 B. Facilitating Encoding of Messages ……………………………………………………………………. 16 IX. Evaluation of the Benefits and Costs of Compliance …………………………………………… 16 A. Formulation of Risk Perceptions: Hazard-Related Factors …………………………………. 17 B. Formulation of Risk Perceptions: Product-Related Factors…………………………………. 22 C. The “Acceptable” Level of Risk…………………………………………………………………………. 22 D. The Impact of Compliance Costs ……………………………………………………………………….. 23 X. Actual Compliance with the Message…………………………………………………………………. 25 A. The Role of Motivation and Social Influence ………………………………………………………. 25 iii B. Task Overload ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26 C. The Impact of Stress and Time Pressure……………………………………………………………… 26 XI. Summary and Conclusions ………………………………………………………………………………… 27 Appendix I: Methodology …………………………………………………………………………………………… 28 A. Scope of Data Collection……………………………………………………………………………………….. 28 B. Description of Tasks……………………………………………………………………………………………… 29 C. Data Sources Utilized …………………………………………………………………………………………… 29 D. Data Collection Procedures and Documentation…………………………………………………………

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